A Level Psychology OCR Practice Exam

Which research method relies on measuring variables without influencing the subjects?

1. Experimental research

2. Observational research

3. Correlational research

4. Self-report research

The correct answer is: Observational research

Observational research is characterized by the measurement of variables in their natural environment without the researcher intervening or influencing the subjects in any way. This method allows researchers to gather data on behavior, events, or interactions as they occur spontaneously, providing insights into how subjects behave in real-life situations. In observational research, the researcher's presence is usually unobtrusive, allowing for natural behavior rather than behavior that might be affected by the researcher's intervention, making it an effective way to study phenomena without introducing biases that can result from experimental manipulation. By observing subjects in their natural settings, researchers can obtain a more accurate representation of behaviors, which enhances the ecological validity of the findings. Understanding observational research is important for distinguishing it from other methods. For instance, experimental research involves manipulating one or more variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships, which can influence subjects' behaviors. Correlational research examines the relationships between variables but does not involve manipulation or control over the environment, and self-report research depends on participants providing their own data, which may be subject to bias or inaccuracies. Thus, observational research stands out as a vital approach for measuring natural behaviors without interference.